Sex Differences in Vectorcardiogram of African Americans with and without Cardiovascular Disease

Our manuscript "Sex Differences in Vectorcardiogram of African Americans with and without Cardiovascular Disease: a cross-sectional study in the Jackson Heart Study cohort" is published in the BMJ Open! This is a very interesting and important study.

We demonstrated sex differences in VCG after rigorous adjustment for prevalent CVD, cardiovascular risk factors, sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics.

E.g., SAIQRST is larger in women with (vs. w/o) CVD but no differences by CVD status in men. Area Spatial Ventricular Gradient is smaller in men with (vs. w/o) CVD but no differences by CVD status in women.

We showed that sex modified an association of CVD with ECG and VCG phenotype after careful adjustment for confounders. This is our DAG:

Mixed linear model with random intercept uncovered unmeasured environmental exposures or genetic variations in the nested family cohort. The azimuth of T and SVG vectors can serve as sensitive markers of cardiac repolarization.